Specimen | Taxon | Site | Estimated age | Putative locomotor strategy | Preservation | Curation Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kebara 2 penultimate thoracic | Homo neanderthalensis | Kebara, Israel | 60 Ka | Obligate biped | Complete | Tel Aviv University, Israel |
Kebara 2 final thoracic | Homo neanderthalensis | Kebara, Israel | 60 Ka | Obligate biped | Complete | Tel Aviv University, Israel |
Kebara 2 first lumbar | Homo neanderthalensis | Kebara, Israel | 60 Ka | Obligate biped | Complete | Tel Aviv University, Israel |
MH 1 first lumbar | Australopithecus sediba | Malapa, South Africa | 1.9 Ma | Facultative biped | Complete but transverse processes are asymmetric (see text for details of how we dealt with this) | Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa |
Shanidar 3 penultimate thoracic | Homo neanderthalensis | Shanidar, Iraq | 35–65 Ka | Obligate biped | Complete | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA |
Shanidar 3 final thoracic | Homo neanderthalensis | Shanidar, Iraq | 35–65 Ka | Obligate biped | Complete | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA |
Shanidar 3 first lumbar | Homo neanderthalensis | Shanidar,Iraq | 35–65 Ka | Obligate biped | Nearly complete but some elements reconstructed | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA |
SK 853 final thoracic | Paranthropus robustus | Swartkrans, South Africa | 1.8 Ma | Facultative biped | Mostly complete but missing tip of right transverse process and small portion of right superior zygapophyseal facet | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa |
SK 3981a final thoracic | Paranthropus robustus | Swartkrans, South Africa | 1.8 Ma | Facultative biped | Complete with minor damage to body | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa |
Sts 14 penultimate thoracic | Australopithecus africanus | Sterkfontein, South Africa | 2.5 Ma | Facultative biped | Complete with minor damage to body | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa |
Sts 14 final thoracic | Australopithecus africanus | Sterkfontein, South Africa | 2.5 Ma | Facultative biped | Complete | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa |
Sts 14 first lumbar | Australopithecus africanus | Sterkfontein, South Africa | 2.5 Ma | Facultative biped | Minor damage to body and undeveloped left transverse process (see text for details of how we dealt with this) | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa |
UW 101–1733 penultimate thoracic | Homo naledi | Rising Star, South Africa | 236–335 Ka | Facultative biped | Nearly complete; missing distal ends of spinous and transverse processes | Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa |