Fig. 2

Population and temporal environment affect phenology and biomass traits independently and through their interactions. (A) Both population and temporal environment affect the traits. The graph shows ordinary least-squares (OLS) mean trait values for each population (black filled circle) and for two years representing two temporal environments (red and blue empty-circles for 2009 and 2010, respectively) from a REML-linear mixed model (Table 2). Hence, black circles show the mean trait values for each population (averaged over years); red and blue circles show the mean trait value (average across all populations) in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Note that the horizontal position of the red/ blue circles is uninformative and they are just placed in the center of each panel for visualization. Error bars represent 95% credible intervals and two vertical green lines delimit the populations into three demes, that is, northern, southern and Oregon (from left to right), where populations were aligned accordingly from 1 to 30 (details in Additional file 1: Figure S1 and Table S1). (B) Phenotypical plasticity between years is variable among populations. Populations are separated by vertical dashed lines. The filled-circles are OLS mean trait values for each population over two years (black and red dots for 2009 and 2010, respectively) with 95% credible intervals. See Table 1 for concise annotation for the traits