Table 1 Biogeographic models analyzed in BioGeoBEARS. Each dispersal or vicariance scenario was tested using the six models available in BioGeoBEARS (DEC, DEC+J, DIVALIKE, DIVALIKE+J, BAYAREALIKE, BAYAREALIKE+J)
From: Towards a synthesis of the Caribbean biogeography of terrestrial arthropods
Time Period of Model | Geologic Events Reflected in Model | MODELS 1: Without GAARlandia | 2: With GAARlandia | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
a: Dispersal probability decreases as distance increases | b: Distance does not affect dispersal probability | c: Probability of overwater dispersal is very low | ||
A: 3 my – present | Complete closure of the Central American Seaway and uplift of the Isthmus of Panama [18]. | A1a | A2a | A1b | A2b | A1c | A2c |
B: 23 my – present | First collision between southern tip of Central America and northwestern South America [19]. | B1a | B2a | B1b | B2b | B1c | B2c |
C: 15 my – present | Significant land above sea level or complete closure of the Isthmus of Panama [19, 20]. | C1a | C2a | C1b | C2b | C1c | C2c |
D: 8 my – present | Shoaling of the Central American Seaway from 12 to 7 my [21]; land bridge nearly complete by 10 my [32]. * We chose to use this intermediate period to account for the gradual closure of the Central American Seaway and its uncertainty after 15 my and before 3 my. | D1a | D2a | D1b | D2b | D1c | D2c |
E: 23–15 my AND 3 my – present | This model emulates dispersal possibilities during two periods: that of the first contact of South America and Central America, followed by the full closure of the Central American Seaway. | E1a | E2a | E1b | E2b | E1c | E2c |
F: 15–8 my AND 3 my – present | This emulates dispersal possibilities during two periods: during a time when there may have been a significant amount of land, followed by the full closure of the Central American Seaway. | F1a | F2a | F1b | F2b | F1c | F2c |
G: 8–5 my AND 3 my – present | This emulates dispersal possibilities during two periods: a time when there was shoaling of the Central American Seaway and an increase in land area of the Isthmus of Panama, followed by the full closure of the Central American Seaway. | G1a | G2a | G1b | G2b | G1c | G2c |