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Table 3 Summary of molecular studies dealing with the divergence times of cichlids with the respective calibration points used as well as the node age of the Haplochromini and Tropheini

From: New haplochromine cichlid from the upper Miocene (9–10 MYA) of Central Kenya

Study/Reference

Calibration point

Node age (MYA; mean, SD or 95% confidence interval or 95% HPD interval or 95% credibility interval)

Haplochromini

Tropheini

Genner et al., 2007 [11]

Gondwana; mitochondrial DNA only

22.7 ± 3.5

6.8 ± 1.1

Cichlid fossils; mitochondrial DNA only

10.5 ± 1.6

3.0 ± 0.5

Day et al., 2008 [275]

Root of LTR set to 12 MYA

3.4, 2.7–4.5

Root of LTR set to 28 MYA based on calibrations of Gondwana fragmentation

7.9, 6.3–10.5

Koblmüller et al., 2008 [22]

Lacustrine habitat in Lake Tanganyika (5–6 MYA) and Lake Malawi (0.57–1 MYA); Age of Lake Victoria superflock (0.2 MYA)

5.3, 4.9–5.7

3.4, 3.0–4.0

Santini et al., 2009 [279]

43 non-cichlid fossils; †Mahengechromis, Oligocene Heterochromis (23.3 MYA)

Ca. 9

Friedman et al., 2013 [277]

10 non-cichlid fossils

Ca. 7

< 5

Meyer et al., 2017 [278]

Concatenation

Multispecies coalescent model

Ca. 5

Irisarri, 2018 [27]

Calibration scheme C10:

6.9, 3.3–10.5

4.3, 1.9–6.7

Gondwana fragmentation:

–Madagascar + India/Africa + South America max. 165 MYA

–Africa/ South America max. 101 MYA

– Madagascar/ India 88 MYA

– split Cichlasomatini/ Heroini 45.7–101 MYA

– Second split within African cichlids (excl. Heterochromis) 45.7–101 MYA

– Haplotilapiines (without Etiini) 9.3–62 MYA

– Oreochromini 5.98–47.5 MYA

– African cichlids 33.1–79.6 MYA

– H-lineage/ Lamprologini 9.3–43.2 MYA

Schedel et al., 2019 [17]

Calibration set 4:

16.6, 14.3–19.2

8.7, 6.8–10.7

– †Tremembichthys 55.8–23.0 MYA

– †Gymnogeophagus eocenicus 45.4–39.9 MYA

– †Plesioheros chaulidus 45.4–39.9 MYA

– †Oreochromis lorenzoi 7.24–5.33 MYA

– †Tugenchromis pickfordi 9–10 MYA

– Onset Lake Barombi Mbo 1.12–0.98 MYA

– Estimated divergence age for family Cichlidae by Matschiner et al. (2016) 82.2–98.9 MYA

  1. Abbreviations: HPD Highest posterior intervals, LTR Lake Tanganyika Radiation, MYA Million years ago, SD Standard deviation