Table 4 Known past and present terrestrial vertebrate clades on Madagascar, with time of arrival

Ceratophryinae

Bothremydidae

Podocnemidae^b

Mahajangasuchidae

Notosuchia (twice)

Trematochampsidae

?Cordylidae

Dromaeosauridae

Madtsoiidae (twice)

Nigerophiidae

Abelisauridae

Noasauridae

Nemegtosauridae

Ornithurae

Marsupialia

Multituberculata

Sudamericidae

N = 19

Arrived pre E-O boundary

Arrived post E-O boundary

Microhylidae (twice)

Mantellidae

Ranoidea^a

Podocnemidae^b

Chamaeleonidae

Gerrhosauridae

Opluridae

Gekkonidae^a

Scincidae^a

Boidae^a

Lamprophiidae^a

Typhlopidae

Xenotyphlopidae

Aepyornithidae

Mesitornithidae

Phaethonidae^a

Psittacidae (twice)

Lemuroidea^a

Myzopodidae^a

Nycteridae^a

Plesiorycteropodidae^a

Arrived during the Eocene or earlier: N = 23

Hyperoliidae

Ptychadenidae

Testudinae

Crocodylidae (twice)

Gekkonidae (twice)

Scincidae (twice)

Lamprophiidae (twice)

Acrocephalidae

Apodidae

Bernieridae

Campephagidae

Dicruridae

Motacillidae

Nectarinidae (twice)

Pycnonotidae

Strigidae

Sturnidae

Vangidae

Zosteropidae (twice)

Emballonuridae^a (3 times)

Eupleridae

Hippopotamidae (twice)

Hipposideridae^a (3 times)

Molossidae (> 6 times)

Nesomyinae

Pteropodidae (twice)

Vespertillionidae^a (4 times)

Tenrecidae

Arrived during the Oligocene or later: N = 48