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Table 4 Homologization of the cephalic musculature of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838) from larvae to adults with the terminology of Wipfler et al. (2011) [36]

From: Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Muscle name

Abb.

Larvae

Pupae

Adults

Presumed function

Labrum

 M. frontolabralis

0 lb1

+

+

+

levator of labrum

 M. frontoepipharyngalis

0 lb2

+

+

+

levator of labrum

 M. labralis transversalis

0 lb4

+

+

compressor of labrum

Antenna

 M. tentorioscapalis anterior

0an1

+

+

+

depressor and flexor of antenna

 M. tentorioscapalis posterior

0an2

+

+

+

levator of antenna

 M. tentorioscapalis lateralis

0an3

+

depressor and rotator of antenna

 M. tentorioscapalis medialis

0an4

+

+

depressor and rotator of antenna

 M. scapopedicellaris lateralis

0an6

+

+

extensor of flagellum

 M. scapopedicellaris medialis

0an7

+

+

flexor of flagellum

 M. scapopedicellaris posterior

0an9

+

depressor of the antenna

 M. scapopedicellaris anterior

0an10

+

elevator of the antenna

Mandible

 M. craniomandibularis internus

0md1

+

+

+

adductor of mandible

 M. craniomandibularis externus posterior

0md3

+

+

+

abductor of mandible

 M. hypopharyngomandibularis

0md4

+

+

protractor of anatomical mouth opening,

 M. tentoriomandibularis lateral inferior

0md6

+

adductor of mandible

 M. tentoriomandibularis medialis inferior

0md8

+

+

+

adductor of mandible

Maxilla

 M. craniocardinalis

0mx1

+

+

promoter of maxilla

 M. craniolacinialis

0mx2

+

+

+

adductor of lacinia

 M. tentoriocardinalis

0mx3

+

+

+

adductor of cardo and protractor of maxilla

 M. tentoriostipitalis anterior

0mx4

+

+

+

adductor of maxilla

 M. tentoriostipitalis posterior

0mx5

+

+

+

adductor of stipes and protractor of maxilla

 M. stipitolacinialis

0mx6

+

+

+

adductor of lacinia

 M. stipitogalealis

0mx7

+

abductor of galea

 M. stipitopalpalis externus

0mx8

+

+

abductor of maxillary palp

 M. stipitopalpalis internus

0mx10

+

adductor of maxillary palp

 M. palpopalpalismaxillae primus

0mx12

+

+

adductor of maxillary palpomere ii

 M. palpopalpalismaxillae secundus

0mx13

+

+

abductor of maxillary palpomere iii

 M. palpopalpalismaxillae tertius

0mx14

+

+

adductor of maxillary palpomere iv

 M. palpopalpalismaxillae quartus

0mx15

+

+

adductor of maxillary palpomere v

 M. intrinsic muscle of maxillary stylet

imm

+

 

Labium

 M. tentoriopraementalis

0la5

+

+

adductor of praementum

 M. submentopraementalis

0la8

+

+

retractor of praementum

 M. praementopalpalis internus

0la13

+

adductor of labial palpomere i

 M. praementopalpalis externus

0la14

+

+

+

levator of labial palp

 M. palpopalpalislabii primus

0la16

+

+

flexor of labial palpomere ii

 M. palpopalpalislabii secundus

0la17

+

+

flexor of labial palpomere iii

Epipharynx

 M. clypeopalatalis

0ci1

+

+

+

dilatator ofcibarium

 M. clypeobuccalis

0bu1

+

+

+

dilator of buccal cavity

Hypopharynx

 M. frontooralis

0hy1

+

+

 

 M. tentoriooralis

0hy2

+

+

 

 M. craniohypopharyngalis

0hy3

+

 

 M. praementosalivaris posterior

0hy8

+

 

 M. oralis transversalis

0hy9

+

 

 M. hypopharyngosalivaris

0hy12

+

+

dilator of salivarium

Pharynx

 M. frontobuccalis anterior

0bu2

+

+

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. frontobuccalis posterior

0bu3

+

+

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. tentoriobuccalis lateralis posterior

0bu4

+

+

 

 M. tentoriobuccalis anterior

0bu5

+

+

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. tentoriobuccalis posterior

0bu6

+

+

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. prelabiohypopharyngeal muscle

prhy

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. verticopharyngealis

0 ph 1

+

+

dilator of pharynx

 M. tentoriopharyngealis

0 ph 2

+

+

+

dilator of pharynx

M. annularis stomodaei

0st1

+

+

constrictor of the pharynx

 M. longitudinalis stomodaei

0st2

+

+

constrictor of the pharynx

  1. “+” = present, “-” = absent