Fig. 3

Comparison of the size and orientation of the major and five first eigenvectors (PCs) of the G-matrices in the artificial selection experiment. a Distribution of the eigenvalues (size) of each PC of the three G-matrices in the control (grey), tall (red), and short (blue) artificial selection experiments. The scale of the y-axis is on the left for PC1 and on the right for PC2–5. b Contribution of PC1 to the total variation in the 16 traits, measured as the size of PC1 relative to the sum of all PCs. c Angle of the first and second PC with the first trait axis (height) in degree. In all cases, variation of all variables stems from the posterior distribution of each G-matrix estimated with MCMCglmm (see Methods and Supporting information)