Fig. 1

Extant Sonneratia and Trapa and the phylogenetic relationships of Lythraceae s.l. a Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. from Qi’ao-Dan’gan Island Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China. b Trapa natans L. from Xuanwu Lake, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. c, d A leaf of T. natans L. and an enlargement (d) showing the characteristic double apices of the teeth on the leaf margin (red arrows). e A series of fruits of T. natans showing different developmental stages. f A sepal of T. natans with the cortex removed, showing dital, recurved barbs. g The position of the ovary in Lythraceae s.l. mapped on the Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus of 4000 trees from the combined molecular data of four gene regions [10, 11]