Avian phenotypic convergence is subject to low genetic constraints based on genomic evidence

Table 1 The 16 avian genomes used in this study

Common name	Scientific name	Trait of interest	References
Anna’s hummingbird	Calypte anna	Related to nightjars^a	Zhang et al. [33]
Barn owl	Tyto alba	Nocturnality	Zhang et al. [33]
Chuck-will’s-widow	Antrostomus carolinensis (Caprimulgus carolinensis)^b	Nocturnality	Zhang et al. [33]
Great crested grebe	Podiceps cristatus	Foot-propelled diving	Zhang et al. [33]
Red-throated loon	Gavia stellata	Foot-propelled diving	Zhang et al. [33]
Great cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	Foot-propelled diving	Zhang et al. [33]
Peregrine falcon	Falco peregrinus	Raptorial behavior	Zhan et al. [75]
White-tailed eagle	Haliaeetus albicilla	Raptorial behavior	Zhang et al. [33]
Bald eagle	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Raptorial behavior	Zhang et al. [33]
Turkey vulture	Cathartes aura	Raptorial behavior	Zhang et al. [33]
Zebra finch	Taeniopygia guttata	Related to falcons^a	Warren et al. [76]
Downy woodpecker	Dryobates pubescens (Picoides pubescens)^b	Related to owls^a	Zhang et al. [33]
Little egret	Egretta garzetta	Related to cormorants^a	Zhang et al. [33]
American flamingo	Phoenicopterus ruber	Related to grebes^a	Zhang et al. [33]
Chicken	Gallus gallus	Outgroup^a	Wong et al. [77]
Ostrich	Struthio camelus	Outgroup^a	Zhang et al. [33]

The “Trait of interest” column shows the convergent trait of each species, except for those marked with “^a”, which indicate taxa that are closely related to the convergent taxa, or outgroups
^a Those species were chosen because they are closely related to species with traits of interest or were used as outgroups in analyses
^b The focal species’ old scientific name, which was used in the cited study

ISSN: 2730-7182