From: Evolution of female carotenoid coloration by sexual constraint in Carduelis finches
 | Constraint on females | Constraint on males | Mutual constraint |
---|---|---|---|
Carotenoid coloration | Â | Â | Â |
Difference of standard deviations | 0.88 (0.25) | > 0.99 (< 0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) |
Skew | 0.12 (0.25) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.16 (0.31) |
Difference of regression slopes | 0.07 (0.13) | < 0.01 (< 0.01) | < 0.01 (< 0.01) |
Melanin coloration | Â | Â | Â |
Difference of standard deviations | 0.18 (0.36) | 0.67 (0.67) | 0.39 (0.79) |
Skew | 0.051 (0.10) | 0.14 (0.29) | 0.09 (0.18) |
Difference of regression slopes | 0.72 (0.56) | 0.49 (0.97) | 0.65 (0.70) |
Total coloration | Â | Â | Â |
Difference of standard deviations | 0.55 (0.90) | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.92 (0.16) |
Skew | 0.11 (0.23) | 0.24 (0.48) | 0.17 (0.35) |
Difference of regression slopes | 0.43 (0.87) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.18) |