Hypothesis … Event | Location/rationale | Predicted date [source] |
---|---|---|
Tibet (West–east) radiation[10] |  |  |
1. Lithoglyphidae diverge from Hydrobiidae | Pangaea/fossil record [44] | 305-169Â Ma [44] |
2. Amnicolidae and proto-Pomatiopsidae diverge | Pangaea after initial breakup into northern and Gondwanaland continents/amnicolids common and diverse in North, but less so in Asia, therefore it is assumed that they crossed into Southwest China before the major Himalayan uplift) [10] | 200-190Â Ma [45] |
3. Pomatiopsidae arise after break up of East Gondwana | Gondwana/Fossil record indicates no Triassic rafting of pomatiopsids on West Burma block and Cimmeria to Asia | <210-150Â Ma [46] |
4. Pomatiopsinae and Triculinae diverge | Indian Craton - after separation from Gondwana (as no Triculinae in South Africa) [10] | |
5. The tribes of the Triculinae diverge | Yunnan/Prior to closure of the Brahmaputra-Irrawaddy-Mekong corridor (because all three tribes of the Triculinae are found in lower Mekong) [10] | c.a. 18Â Ma [10] |
6. Lacunopsis clade diverged from Triculini | Yunnan/Fenouilia of Yunnan, like Lacunopsis, is derived from proto-Tricula bollingi[48] therefore, date lies between divergence of Triculini (18Â Ma) and major regional uplift | 18-7Â Ma [49] |
7. Lower Mekong triculine radiation in Laos | Triculine taxa become more derived as they radiate out from Dali/evolution occurs in concert with the evolution of the rivers as they cut southwards towards the sea [10] | |
Hunan (East to West) radiation[9] | ||
1. Lithoglyphidae diverge from Hydrobiidae | Pangaea/fossil record [44] | 305-169Â Ma [44] |
2. Amnicolidae and proto-Pomatiopsidae diverge | East Gondwana/After separation from India-Madagascar (because no confirmed reports of pomatiopsids in India, either extant or fossil) | |
3. Pomatiopsinae diverge in marine habitats | Eastern Gondwana (Australia)/inundation by high sea levels, increased coastal habitats | c.a. 112Â Ma [51] |
4. Proto-Oncomelania arises | Tertiary island hopping along extensive island complex (Borneo-Philippines) [9] | 40-20Â Ma [47] |
5. Radiation of terrestrial/amphibious pomatiopsines | Japan/Miocene orogeny in Japan plus local and global climate change [9] | |
6. Oncomelania enters China and diverges | On Yangtze plain/Prior to opening of Sea of Japan [53] | c.a. 15Â Ma [54] |
7. Triculinae diverge from proto-Oncomelania | West China/Triculinae adapt to new conditions from Pliocene major uplift of Himalaya [53] | c.a. 7Â Ma [49] |
8. Hunan, northern Lao & Vietnam Pachydrobiini isolate | Indosinia/Red river corridor between southern China (Hunan) and Sundaland broken [20] | c.a. 4.4Â Ma [55] |
9. Yunnan & Sichuan Triculinae isolate in uplifting terrane | Southwest China/Uplift of Hengduan mountains and associated ranges | c.a. 3.4Â Ma [56] |
10. Lacunopsis clade diverged from Triculini | Yunnan/Prior to Hengduan orogeny | c.a. 3.4Â Ma [56] |
11. Northern Thailand Triculini isolated from China/Sundaland taxa | Late-Pliocene block faulting causes several course changes along the proto-Mekong river [2] North Sundaland/Extended Mekong-Ping river separation and flow reversal [20] | |
12. Lower Mekong extensive radiation of Pachydrobbiini and other Triculinae | Climatic change and range contraction/fragmentation | c.a. 2.5Â Ma [58] |
13. Robertsiella diverges from Mekong Pachydrobiini in Pahang river drainage, Malaysia | West Malaysia/Mekong river course changes and rising sea levels flood Sunda shelf, break river connections between Cambodia & Malaysia [59]/divergence of S. malayensis[60] | 2.6-0.8Â Ma [61] |
14. Divergence of Erhai & Dianchi Basin taxa in Yunnan | Yunnan/Stage 3–2 of Sanjiang orogeny in Yunnan and associated tectonic events | 0.9 Ma [49] |
15. Neotricula aperta strains diverge | Final surge of Himalayan uplift, tilting of Khorat Basin, Mul-river flow reversal, and volcanism in southern Laos [19], drive further divergence in the lower Mekong | 0.8-0.9Â Ma [49] |