Table 2 Pairwise Φ-statistics among samples grouped according to the phylogenetic clades, the geographic regions, and the ecogeographic regions.

Clade I

Clade II

Clade III

Clade IV

Clade I

-

0.68

0.72

0.72

Clade II

p < 0.001

-

0.64

0.69

Clade III

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

-

0.55

Clade IV

p < 0.0001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

-

Geographic regions

western Amazonia

Andean foothills

north Amazonia

south Amazonia

western Amazonia

-

0.08

0.05

0.27

Andean foothills

ns

-

0.27

0.34

north Amazonia

ns

p < 0.001

-

0.25

south Amazonia

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

-

Ecogeographic regions

North-East Amazon rainforest

"Pastizal" herbaceous habitat

Llanos

Choco Darien

rainforest

South East Amazon rainforest

Upper Amazon rainforest

Dry tropical forest

North-East Amazon rainforest

-

0.09

0.22

-0.36

0.13

0.23

0.19

"Pastizal" herbaceous habitat

ns

-

0.80

0.33

0.2

0.23

0.15

Llanos

p = 0.01

ns

-

1.0

1.0

0.31

0.84

Choco Darien rainforest

ns

ns

ns

-

1.0

-0.02

0.68

South East Amazon rainforest

ns

ns

ns

ns

-

0.6

0.60

Upper Amazon rainforest

p = 0.001

p = 0.05

p = 0.002

ns

ns

-

0.29

Dry tropical forest

p = 0.05

ns

p = 0.02

ns

ns

p = 0.003

-