Table 2 List of "regular" sea urchin taxa included in this study.
From: Origin and evolutionary plasticity of the gastric caecum in sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Order | Family | Species | Method used | Specimen ID | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cidaroida Claus, 1880 | Histocidaridae Lambert, 1900 | Histocidaris elegans (Agassiz, 1879) | MRI (81 μm)3 | ZMH E907 | this study |
| Â | Â | Histocidaris variabilis (Agassiz & Clark, 1907) | Dissection | - | [32] |
| Â | Â | Poriocidaris purpurata (Wyville Thomson, 1872) | Dissection | - | this study |
|  | Ctenocidaridae Mortensen, 1928 | Ctenocidaris nutrix (Wyville Thomson, 1876) | MRI (79 μm)3, dissection | NHM 1956.10.5.1, AAD uncataloged material | this study |
|  |  | Notocidaris gaussensis Mortensen, 1909 | MRI (79 μm)3 | ZMB 5456 | this study |
|  | Cidaridae Gray, 1825 | Austrocidaris canaliculata (Agassiz, 1863) | MRI (79 μm)3 | ZMB 2244 | this study |
|  |  | Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | NHM 1925.10.30.103-113, ZMB 4803 | [33], this study |
|  |  | Eucidaris metularia (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI (81 μm)3 | NHM 1969.5.1.15-40 | this study |
|  |  | Eucidaris thouarsii (Agassiz & Desor, 1847) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 1369 | this study |
|  |  | Eucidaris tribuloides Desmoulins, 1835 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5474 | this study |
| Â | Â | Goniocidaris parasol Fell, 1958 | Dissection | NIWA 18974 | this study |
|  |  | Hesperocidaris panamensis (Agassiz, 1898) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5407 | this study |
| Â | Â | Phyllacanthus parvispinus Tenison Woods, 1880 | Dissection | - | this study |
|  |  | Stereocidaris indica Döderlein, 1901 | MRI (79 μm)3 | ZMB 7364 | this study |
| Â | Â | Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845) | Dissection | - | this study |
|  | Psychocidaridae Ikeda, 1936 | Psychocidaris ohshimai Ikeda, 1935 | MRI (79 μm)3 | NHMW 200Z0097/0001 | this study |
Echinothurioida Claus, 1880 | Phormosomatidae Mortensen, 1934 | Phormosoma bursarium Agassiz, 1881 | Dissection | NIWA 45056, AM J.16209 | |
| Â | Â | Phormosoma placenta Wyville Thomson, 1872 | Dissection | ZMK Mortensen collection | this study |
| Â | Echinothuriidae Wyville Thomson, 1872 | Asthenosoma ijimai Yoshiwara, 1897 | Dissection | - | [35] |
| Â | Â | Sperosoma obscurum Agassiz & Clark, 1907 | Dissection | - | [35] |
| Â | Â | Tromikosoma hispidum (Agassiz, 1898) | Dissection | - | [35] |
| Â | Â | Tromikosoma tenue (Agassiz, 1879) | Dissection | - | [36] |
Pedinoida Mortensen, 1939 | Pedinidae Pomel, 1883 | Caenopedina hawaiiensis Agassiz & Clark, 1907 | Dissection | - | [37] |
|  |  | Caenopedina mirabilis (Döderlein, 1885) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | USNM 31178, USNM 31182, AM J.24188 | this study |
Diadematoida Duncan, 1889 | Micropygidae Mortensen, 1903 | Micropyga tuberculata Agassiz, 1879 | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | NHM 98.8.8.45/6, ZMK Mortensen collection | |
|  | Aspidodiadematidae Duncan, 1889 | Aspidodiadema hawaiiense Mortensen, 1939 | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | USNM 27590 | this study |
| Â | Â | Aspidodiadema jacobi Agassiz, 1880 | Dissection | - | [39] |
|  |  | Aspidodiadema meijerei (Döderlein, 1906) | Dissection | - | [32] |
|  |  | Plesiodiadema indicum (Döderlein, 1900) | MRI (81 μm)3 | ZMB 7232 | this study |
| Â | Diadematidae Gray, 1855 | Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778) | Dissection | - | [35] |
|  |  | Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) | MRI (66 μm)3 | NHM 1952.3.26.64-8 | this study |
| Â | Â | Centrostephanus rodgersii (Agassiz, 1863) | Dissection | - | this study |
| Â | Â | Chaetodiadema pallidum (Agassiz & Clark, 1907) | Dissection | - | [32] |
|  |  | Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 4374 | [24], this study |
|  |  | Diadema savignyi Michelin, 1845 | MRI (40 μm)3 | - | this study |
| Â | Â | Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) | Dissection | - | |
| Â | Â | Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) | Dissection | - | this study |
|  |  | Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 2346 | [35], this study |
Incerta sedis | Glyptocidaridae Jensen, 1982 | Glyptocidaris crenularis Agassiz, 1864 | Dissection | - | [37] |
Incerta sedis | Stomopneustidae Mortensen, 1903 | Stomopneustes variolaris (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | USNM E45930 | [37], this study |
Arbacioida Gregory, 1900 | Arbaciidae Gray, 1855 | Arbacia dufresnii (de Blainville, 1825) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 2222 | this study |
|  |  | Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | NHM 1952.3.26.31-36, ZMB 7203 | [22], this study |
| Â | Â | Arbacia punctulata (de Lamarck, 1816) | Dissection | - | [40] |
| Â | Â | Coelopleurus floridanus Agassiz, 1871 | Dissection | - | [32] |
Salenioida Delage & Herouard, 1903 | Saleniidae Agassiz, 1838 | Salenia goesiana Lovén, 1874 | Dissection | USNM 10649 | this study |
| Â | Â | Salenia pattersoni Agassiz, 1878 | Dissection | - | [32] |
|  |  | Salenocidaris hastigera Agassiz, 1869 | MRI (81 μm)3 | ZMB 5816 | this study |
| Â | Â | Salenocidaris miliaris Agassiz, 1869 | Dissection | - | [32] |
Temnopleuroida Mortensen, 1942 | Temnopleuridae Agassiz, 1872 | Amblypneustes pallidus (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 6334 | this study |
|  |  | Holopneustes inflatus Lutken, 1872 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 2639 | this study |
|  |  | Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI (44 μm)3 | ZMB 5620, CASIZ 100609 | this study |
|  |  | Pseudechinus magellanicus Philippi, 1857 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 2188 | this study |
| Â | Â | Salmacis bicolor (Agassiz, 1846) | Dissection | - | [41] |
|  |  | Temnopleurus michaelseni (Döderlein, 1914) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 6331 | this study |
|  |  | Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske, 1778) | MRI 78 × 78 × 300 μm3, dissection | ZMB 5511, ZMB 2802 | this study |
|  | Trigonocidaridae Mortensen, 1903 | Genocidaris maculata Agassiz, 1869 | MRI (36 μm)3 | ZMB 5827 | this study |
|  |  | Trigonocidaris albida Agassiz, 1869 | MRI (32 μm)3 | ZSM 20012468 | this study |
Echinoida Troschel, 1872 | Parasaleniidae Mortensen, 1940 | Parasalenia gratiosa Agassiz, 1864 | MRI (79 μm)3 | NHM 1983.2.15.7 | this study |
|  | Parechinidae Mortensen, 1903 | Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | NHM 1966.9.27.35 | this study |
|  |  | Paracentrotus lividus (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | - | |
|  |  | Parechinus angulosus (Leske, 1778) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5644 | this study |
|  |  | Psammechinus microtuberculatus (de Blainville, 1825) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 4770 | [22], this study |
|  |  | Psammechinus miliaris (Müller, 1771) | MRI (44 μm)3, dissection | - | |
|  | Echinidae Gray, 1825 | Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | ZMB 3826 | |
| Â | Â | Echinus melo de Lamarck, 1816 | Dissection | - | [9] |
|  |  | Gracilechinus acutus (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI 78 × 78 × 300 μm3, dissection | ZMB 3604 | [22], this study |
|  |  | Gracilechinus alexandri (Danielssen & Koren, 1883) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 4340 | this study |
|  |  | Polyechinus agulhensis (Döderlein, 1905) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 7219 | this study |
|  |  | Sterechinus agassizi Mortensen, 1910 | MRI (79 μm)3 | NHM 1914.8.12.126-127 | this study |
|  |  | Sterechinus antarcticus Koehler, 1901 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5439 | this study |
|  |  | Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB uncataloged material | this study |
|  | Echinometridae Gray, 1855 | Caenocentrotus gibbosus (Agassiz & Desor, 1840) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5405 | this study |
| Â | Â | Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) | Dissection | ZMB 5511 | this study |
|  |  | Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825) | MRI (81 μm)3 | NHM 1969.5.1.61-75 | this study |
|  |  | Echinometra viridis Agassiz, 1863 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 1827, ZMB 5503 | this study |
|  |  | Echinostrephus molaris (de Blainville, 1825) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 4000 | this study |
| Â | Â | Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes, 1846) | Dissection | - | [23] |
|  |  | Heliocidaris crassispina (Agassiz, 1863) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 6424 | this study |
|  |  | Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes, 1846) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5745 | this study |
|  |  | Heterocentrotus mammillatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 1567 | this study |
|  | Strongylocentrotidae Gregory, 1900 | Pseudocentrotus depressus (Agassiz, 1863) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 6426 | this study |
|  |  | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 4446, ZMB 4422 | |
|  |  | Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857) | MRI (44 μm)3, dissection | CASIZ 5724 | [26], this study |
|  | Toxopneustidae Troschel, 1872 | Gymnechinus robillardi (de Loriol, 1883) | MRI (79 μm)3 | NHM 1890.6.27.5-8 | this study |
|  |  | Lytechinus variegatus (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3, dissection | ZMB 5517 | this study |
|  |  | Nudechinus scotiopremnus Clark, 1912 | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 6130 | this study |
|  |  | Sphaerechinus granularis (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI (81 μm)3, dissection | ZMB 2366, ZMB 7204 | |
|  |  | Toxopneustes pileolus (de Lamarck, 1816) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 3871 | this study |
|  |  | Tripneustes esculentus (Leske, 1778) | MRI 50 × 50 × 200 μm3 | ZMB 5498 | this study |
|  |  | Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) | MRI 78 × 78 × 300 μm3 | ZMB 3863 | this study |
| Â | Â | Tripneustes ventricosus de Lamarck, 1816 | Dissection | - | [49] |