Table 4 List of time constraints used in divergence time estimation
From: Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective
Node | Constraints a | Calibration information |
|---|---|---|
A | U 472 | The minimum age for the basal split of bony fish based on the earliest known acanthodian remains from Late Ordovician [88] |
|  | L 419 | The †Psarolepis fossil (sarcopterygian [89]) from Ludlow (Silurian) [90] |
B | U 419 | The minimum age for the Sarcopterygii/Actinopterygii split |
|  | L 392 | The †Moythomasia fossil (actinopteran) from the Givetian/Eifelian boundary [90] |
C | U 392 | The minimum age for the Polypteriformes/Actinopteri split |
|  | L 345 | The †Cosmoptychius fossil (neopterygian or actinopteran) from Tournasian [90] |
D | L 130 | The †Protopsephurus fossil (Polyodontidae) from Hauterivian (Cretaceous) [90] |
E | L 284 | The †Brachydegma fossil (stem amiids) from Artinskian (Permian) [90] |
F | L 136 | The †Yanbiania fossil (Hiodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous [90] |
G | L 112 | The †Laeliichthys fossil (Osteoglossidae) from the Aptian (Cretaceous) [91] |
H | L 151 | The †Anaethalion, †Elopsomolos, and †Eoprotelops fossil (Elopomorpha) from Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) [90] |
I | L 94 | The †Lebonichthys (Albulidae) fossil from the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) [91] |
J | L 49 | The Conger (Congridae) and Anguilla (Anguillidae) fossils from the Ypresian (Tertiary) [91] |
K | L 146 | The †Tischlingerichthys fossil (Ostariophysi) from Tithonian (Jurassic) [90] |
L | L 56 | The †Knightia fossil (Clupeidae) from the Thanetian (Tertiary) [91] |
M | L 49 | The †Parabarbus fossil (Cyprinidae) from the Ypresian (Tertiary) [91] |
N | L 74 | The †Esteseox foxi fossil (Esociformes) from the Campanian (Cretaceous) [92] |
O | L 94 | The †Berycopsis fossil (Polymixiidae) from the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) [91] |
P | L 50 | The pleuronectiform fossil from the Ypresian (Tertiary) [91] |
Q | L 98 | The tetraodontiform fossil from the Cenomanian [83] |
R | L 32 | The estimated divergence time between Takifugu and Tetraodon [93] |
S | U 95 L 85 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between Madagascar and Indian [85, 86, 94] |
T | U 145 L 112 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between Indo-Madagascar landmass and Gondwanaland [85, 86, 94] |
U | U 120 L 100 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between African and South American landmasses [85, 86] |
V | L 40 | The lophiid fossil from Lutetian (Eocene) [95] |
W | L 40 | The Brachionichthys fossil from Lutetian (Eocene) [28, 34, 95] |
X | L 40 | The ogcocephalid fossil from Lutetian (Eocene) [95] |
Y | L 7.6 | The ceratioid fossil from upper Mohnian [38] |