From: Body proportions for the facilitation of walking, running and flying: the case of partridges
 | Mass | Total length | Wing length | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Effects | Log Utility | Effects | Log Utility | Effects | Log Utility |
Juvenile female | Â | |||||
 Mass | – | – | 0.0001 | 26.5 | 0.0001 | 5.2 |
 Total length | 0.0001 | 26.5 | – | – | 0.028 | 1.6 |
 Wing length | 0.0001 | 5.2 | 0.03 | 1.6 | – | – |
 10 length | 0.31 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.53 | 0.3 |
 9 length | 0.27 | 0.6 | 0.08 | 1.1 | 0.0001 | 4.5 |
 8 length | 0.43 | 0.4 | 0.76 | 0.1 | 0.0001 | 26.2 |
Adult female | Â | |||||
 Mass | – | – | 0.0001 | 21.7 | 0.0001 | 6.5 |
 Total length | 0.0001 | 21.7 | – | – | 0.1 | 1.0 |
 Wing length | 0.0001 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | – | – |
 10 length | 0.005 | 2.4 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.4 |
 9 length | 0.53 | 0.3 | 0.28 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 1.9 |
 8 length | 0.002 | 2.7 | 0.02 | 1.8 | 0.0001 | 10.0 |
Juvenile male | Â | |||||
 Mass | – | – | 0.0001 | 21.7 | 0.0001 | 15.3 |
 Total length | 0.0001 | 39.7 | – | – | 0.74 | 0.1 |
 Wing length | 0.0001 | 15.4 | 0.74 | 0.1 | – | – |
 10 length | 0.69 | 20.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.006 | 2.2 |
 9 length | 0.04 | 1.4 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 0.56 | 0.3 |
 8 length | 0.0001 | 6.5 | 0.02 | 1.8 | 0.0001 | 42.9 |
Adult male | Â | |||||
 Mass | – | – | 0.0001 | 52.1 | 0.0001 | 14.9 |
 Total length | 0.0001 | 52.1 | – | – | 0.43 | 0.4 |
 Wing length | 0.0001 | 14.9 | 0.43 | 0.4 | – | – |
 10 length | 0.30 | 0.5 | 0.49 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
 9 length | 0.25 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 1.6 | 0.03 | 1.6 |
 8 length | 0.0001 | 3.9 | 0.42 | 0.4 | 0.42 | 0.4 |