Morphological evolution and modularity of the caecilian skull

Table 1 Evolutionary rate, disparity, and integration and allometric, phylogenetic, and ecological signal in caecilian cranial modules

Module	Rate σ²_mult (×10⁻⁸)	Disparity (Procrustes variance) (× 10^− 6)	Within-module correlation	Evolutionary allometry (R²)	Phylogenetic signal (K_mult)	Phylogenetic signal (K_mult), excluding Atretochoana	Fossoriality phylogenetic ANOVA (R²)
Frontal	1.33	6.32	0.70	0.05	0.87***	1.02***	0.05*/
Parietal	1.67	8.43	0.71	0.22***	1.05***	1.32***	0.10*/
Nasopremaxilla (dorsal)	1.19	5.86	0.49	0.06*	0.93***	0.97***	0.03/
Maxillopalatine	1.64	7.84	0.50	0.19***	0.93***	0.97***	0.05*/
Occipital	1.25	4.71	0.73	0.37***	0.66	0.75**	0.03/
Quadrate-Squamosal	2.73	10.24	0.71	0.21***	0.72*	1.12***	0.06/
Ventral os basale-vomer	0.91	4.97	0.46	0.12**	0.99***	1.03***	0.04/
Nasopremaxilla (palatal)	0.97	5.51	0.79	0.11*	1.16***	1.20***	0.06*/
Pterygoid	1.65	10.60	0.78	0.11*	1.13***	1.21***	0.01/
Stapes	1.28	4.76	0.87	0.19***	0.70*	1.05***	0.03/

Results for the ten identified cranial modules, where the within-module correlations are taken from EMMLi analysis using phylogenetically-corrected data. Significance of results for the last four columns is as follows: p values significant at the following alpha levels: * ≤ 0.05, ** ≤ 0.01, *** ≤ 0.001. Significance for differences in module shape related to fossoriality is before/after multiple-test correction. (See Fig. 1 for module definitions)

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