Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Zhao, Chenjing; Ang, Yuchen; Wang, Mengqing; Gao, Caixia; Zhang, Kuiyan; Tang, Chufei; Liu, Xingyue; Li, Min; Yang, Ding; Meier, Rudolf

doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01643-2

Table 2 Cephalic musculature of the pupae of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838)

From: Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Muscle Abb.	Origin	Insertion
Labrum/3
0 lb1	Lateral on the frons, below the antennal base	Mesally on the outer basal wall of the labrum
0 lb2	Laterally on the frons	Tormae
0 lb4	Dorsal labral wall	Ventral labral wall
Antenna/4
0an1	Anterior tentorial arms	Anterior basal margin of the scape
0an2	Anterior tentorial arms	Posterior basal margin of the scape
0an6	Dorsal wall of the scape	Lateral wall of the pedicel
0an7	Mesal wall of the scape	Mesal edge of the pedicel
Mandible/4
0md1	The part between occipital and compound eyes of the head capsule	Tendon that inserts at the median edge of the mandible
0md3	Posterior part of head capsule, lateral region of the 0md1	Tendon that inserts at the lateral edge of the mandible
0md4	Lateral part of the hypopharynx	Inner side of the median edge of the mandible
0md8	Anterior tentorial arms	Mediodorsal wall of the mandibular cavity
Maxilla/11
0mx1	Posterior part of the gena, close to the 0md1	Basal region of the cardo
0mx2	Post part of the gena	Basal region of the lacinia
0mx3	Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms	cardo
0mx4	Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms	Anterior edge of the stipes
0mx5	Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms	Anterior edge of the stipes, close to the 0mx4
0mx6	Stipital base	Basal edge of the lacinia
0mx8	Inner wall of the stipes	Distal basal edge of the maxillary cardo
0mx12	Basal edge of palpomere 1	Basal edge of palpomere 2
0mx13	Basal edge of palpomere1	Basal edge of palpomere 3
0mx14	Basal edge of palpomere 3	Basal edge of palpomere 4
0mx15	Basal edge of palpomere 4	Basal edge of palpomere 5
Labium/3
0la14	Basal edge of the prementum	Basal edge of the labial palpus
0la16	Inner wall of the palpomere 1	Basal edge of the palpomere 2
0la17	Inner wall of the palpomere 2	Basal edge of the palpomere 3
Epipharynx/2
0ci1	Mesally on the clypeus	Posterior region of the epipharynx, covered by 0bu1
0bu1	Anterior region of frons	Roof of the bucca
Hypopharynx/3
0hy1	frons	Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites
0hy2	Anterior tentorial arm	Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites
0hy12	Anterior part of the hypopharynx	Inner wall of the ligula
Pharynx/5
0bu2	Frons, below the antennal base	Dorsal wall of the pharynx
0bu3	Posterior part of frons, lateral region of the antennal base	Dodrsal wall of the pharynx, posterior to 0bu2
0bu5	Anterior tentorial arms, anterior to tentorial bridge	Ventral wall of the pharynx
0bu6	Anterior tentorial arms, lateral to 0bu5	Ventral wall of the pharynx
0 ph 2	Posterior region of the tentorial bridge	Lateral wall of the pharynx

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