Fig. 11From: Evolutionary pattern of karyotypes and meiosis in pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): implications for reconstructing chromosome evolution of araneomorph spidersSmeringopinae, male karyotypes, stained by Giemsa. Based on two sister metaphases II. Chromosomes are mostly metacentric. Sex chromosomes of some species are positively heteropycnotic during metaphase II (b, c, f, g). Chromosome X (or X1) is the longest element of the karyotype except for a and e. a Crossopriza sp., four pairs submetacentric (nos 1, 3, 8, 10); b Holocnemus hispanicus, three submetacentric (nos 2–4) and one subtelocentric pairs (no. 11); c H. pluchei, four pairs submetacentric (nos 2, 5, 8, 9); d Hoplopholcus cecconii, chromosomes metacentric except for one submetacentric pair (no. 6) and subtelocentric X2; e Smeringopus cylindrogaster, one submetacentric pair (no. 5), one acrocentric pair (no. 12), and acrocentric X2; f S. similis, two pairs submetacentric (nos 3, 13) and one pair subtelocentric (no. 12); g Stygopholcus skotophilus, three submetacentric (nos 2, 3, 7) and one subtelocentric pair (no. 11). Last pair replaced by corresponding pair from another plate. Bar = 10 µmBack to article page