Fig. 1

Experimental evolution design. Partial experimental evolution design from Gervasi and Schiestl [12] from the first generation (G1) to the ninth generation in control (C9) and bumblebee treatment (B9). The tenth generation was obtained by inter-replicate crossing within treatment (C10 and B10). Population of Brassica rapa fast cycling used for seedling sequencing are coloured. The abbreviation and the colours assigned to the populations are unchanged along the manuscript. The number of seedlings (n) sequenced per population is indicated. Images: courtesy of F.P. Schiestl and L. Frachon