Fig. 1

Relative abundances of dinoflagellate ASVs throughout the water column to a depth of 150 m beneath the sea surface at depth zones (D1: 5–10 m, D2: 20–30 m, D3: 45–60 m, D4: 95–120 m, D5: 130–150 m) at Station A, B, and C. Colours represent major dinoflagellate taxonomic groups at the level of: (A) class, and (B) order